Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters

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Cloud.sessions

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Everyone thinks they know the story: balanced is “modern,” “clean,” and automatically superior. And sure—if you’re running 100-foot cables across a studio floor, that’s true.
But in a high-end home system?
Here’s the part no one likes to say out loud:
A properly engineered single-ended tube stage can sound more natural, more continuous, and more harmonically correct than most balanced circuits.
Not despite being single-ended—because it is.
Most audiophiles treat “balanced” as gospel.
But once you step out of the marketing bubble and into real engineering, one truth becomes impossible to ignore:
In a tube line stage, single-ended is often the purer, cleaner, and more musically truthful topology.
Here’s the breakdown.


1. Harmonics: the part nobody wants to talk about
Balanced circuits cancel even-order harmonics by design.
That’s their job.
But those even-order harmonics are the very thing that make triodes sound dimensional, human, and alive. They’re not “distortion” in the pejorative sense — they’re psychoacoustic cues.
Single-ended preserves the full harmonic structure of the tube.
No summing nodes, no cancellation math, no symmetry games.
Just pure triode behavior, intact.


2. The brutal reality of tubes: they don’t match
Balanced tube stages require near-perfect symmetry:
both triodes must track each other; over temperature, over age, over drift, and over manufacturing variation.

That’s fantasy.
Tubes do not stay matched, and never have.
To force them into balance, designers must add:
matching networks

balancing resistors

servo loops

extra gain stages

trimming components

Every one of those parts interacts with signal, phase, impedance, noise, and bandwidth.
Single-ended sidesteps the entire balancing circus.
A single triode, biased optimally, doing clean Class-A work with:
fewer series components

fewer summing nodes

fewer coupling interfaces

better stability over tube life

And fewer places for the sound to get smeared.


3. Noise performance: SE is not the weak link — the power supply is
People love saying “balanced is quieter.”
Sure — in a studio with 100 ft cables and lighting dimmers.
In a high-end home system?
Noise is dominated by:
PSU architecture

grounding

physical layout

parasitics

regulator quality

rectifier recovery behavior

Not by whether the signal is balanced or single-ended.
A properly engineered SE stage — with ultra-quiet regulators, disciplined grounding, and tightly controlled parasitics — will often measure and sound quieter than a typical balanced tube stage. Balanced circuits double the number of active gain elements, which doubles their broadband noise contribution. Differential summation cancels common-mode noise, but it does not cancel the tube’s own internal noise.
Balanced only helps when the underlying circuit is noisy to begin with.


4. Modern amplifiers don’t care — their input stages are smarter than people think
Feeding a balanced amp from a single-ended preamp is not a compromise.
Today’s differential input stages are instrumentation-grade:
extremely low noise

extremely low THD

transparent SE → balanced conversion

no tonal penalty

The amp handles the conversion internally with vanishing distortion.
You are not giving anything up.


5. Why it matters.
Balanced isn’t “bad.”
It’s just not the universal cure-all people pretend it is.
In tube audio — especially line-level circuits — single-ended often delivers:
more coherent harmonic structure

purer timing

fewer interacting parts

lower broadband noise (when done right)

better preservation of the tube’s natural voice

simpler, more stable long-term operation

And most importantly:
It often just sounds more like actual music.

FullRangeMan

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Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #1 on: 27 Nov 2025, 03:10 pm »
Tube amps are all SE inputs.

Rocket_Ronny

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Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #2 on: 27 Nov 2025, 09:20 pm »
Excellent write up Cloud.

I am still single myself. Listening to a quad pair of KT88s as I write. Just lovely.

What are your favourite tube pre and amp combos?

Rocket Ronny

Tyson

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Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #3 on: 27 Nov 2025, 10:02 pm »
I agree with everything in the first post.  For tube amps and preamps, single ended is the way to go.

Rusty Jefferson

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Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #4 on: 28 Nov 2025, 02:40 am »
I appreciate the sentiment but there's no absolutes here. I have 2 friends each with amazing systems in great rooms. One running single ended tube amplifiers, the other, balanced tube amplifiers. They're both just great places to experience music. There's too many variables to lay it solely on being single ended (imo). :)

I.Greyhound Fan

Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #5 on: 28 Nov 2025, 03:02 am »
All I can say is that my Pass X250 amp and my Cambridge 851c CDP
sounded better with XLRS of the same brand of RCA cables. Cables are 1 meter.

FullRangeMan

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Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #6 on: 28 Nov 2025, 03:47 am »
It would be the lower noise floor?

I.Greyhound Fan

Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #7 on: 28 Nov 2025, 03:44 pm »
It would be the lower noise floor?

Yes, the music was slightly more clear.

pstrisik

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Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #8 on: 28 Nov 2025, 05:12 pm »
Cloud,  A comment and a question:

Comment:  Your advocating of SE vs Balanced seems contrary to what Don Sachs (@dls123) has said here.  Here are a couple of examples:
https://www.audiocircle.com/index.php?topic=189142.msg1994240#msg1994240
https://www.audiocircle.com/index.php?topic=189142.msg2003879#msg2003879

Are these contrary views or am I missing something?

Question:  With your view about SE advantages, what happens when the chain is mixed?  For example, I run SE from DAC to tube pre then SE into an SE to Balanced converter (https://orchardaudio.com/shop/stereo-rca-to-xlr-converter/) then Balanced into amps. 

Thanks for your comments,
      ....Pete

I.Greyhound Fan

Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #9 on: 28 Nov 2025, 07:13 pm »
Cloud,  A comment and a question:

Comment:  Your advocating of SE vs Balanced seems contrary to what Don Sachs (@dls123) has said here.  Here are a couple of examples:
https://www.audiocircle.com/index.php?topic=189142.msg1994240#msg1994240
https://www.audiocircle.com/index.php?topic=189142.msg2003879#msg2003879

Are these contrary views or am I missing something?

Question:  With your view about SE advantages, what happens when the chain is mixed?  For example, I run SE from DAC to tube pre then SE into an SE to Balanced converter (https://orchardaudio.com/shop/stereo-rca-to-xlr-converter/) then Balanced into amps. 

Thanks for your comments,
      ....Pete

Well, it is my understanding that the whole chain must be balanced otherwise you loose any benefit.

Here is a SE to XLR converter from Van Alstine-

https://avahifi.com/collections/accessories/products/dva-r2x


Tyson

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Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #10 on: 28 Nov 2025, 07:23 pm »
I do find I like tube gear with really good output transformers.  To me a lot of the magic from tubes is from the transformers.  Heck even my tube DACS have transformers.  ANK 4.1 and Abbas Audio 5.0. 

Cloud.sessions

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Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #11 on: 28 Nov 2025, 07:33 pm »
Hehe I knew this would spur a debate  :D

I’m not saying balanced (especially with tubes) is inferior to SE but I AM saying the opposite is also not true. There are actually a number of advantages that single ended tube amps have that designers must solve when moving to balanced tube gear. The good designers do a good job at minimizing the disadvantages that balanced tube gear have.

@pstrisik

Yes me and Don have had many discussions about this and we see this differently. I’m not interested in my tube gear being studio gear. Give me even order harmonic distortion (not to much obviously it’s like salt. It’s great if there’s just enough, if there’s too much it can ruin the whole dish.) I love everything it does, the euphonic character, the holographic soundstage, the tonal density and richnes.
To me the largest obstacle a designer must overcome in tube gear is noise. And balanced is not inherently superior at that in a home audio system.
Here’s an example our new line stage preamp The Dawn is measuring below -115dbv on noise floor measurements. I urge you to find another tube preamp under $10,000 hitting those marks. And we’re not resorting to feedback or other tools to achieve that. This is a Class A single ended, no feedback/feedforward, no PSSR circuitry. This is about as pure of a circuit as you can get and it’s all SE.

I think if the conversion stage is designed well there is very little loss.

pstrisik

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Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #12 on: 28 Nov 2025, 08:17 pm »
Thanks for the clarification, the juxtaposition of the two views makes more sense to me now.

dls123

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Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #13 on: 13 Dec 2025, 05:10 pm »
Tube amps are all SE inputs.

This is not true at all, sorry.  I have been building fully balanced, push pull circuits for years now.  My entire signal path is balanced and all tubes from the DAC chip forward.  I would never go back to single ended anything in my system.  It is also all directly heated tubes.  I can do this because I can build my own gear.  The circuits are based on the Raven and Blackbirds, but done with all directly heated tubes.  We all have our taste... and our opinions, and we are entitled to them.

newzooreview

Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #14 on: 13 Dec 2025, 05:32 pm »
A lot of good DACs sound better from the balanced XLR outputs. So, it's not a matter of "gospel" or "dogma" or "universal cure-all" but rather an issue of best matching components.

I think the strawman argument approach of this post undermines its intent.

dls123

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Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #15 on: 13 Dec 2025, 05:38 pm »
A lot of good DACs sound better from the balanced XLR outputs. So, it's not a matter of "gospel" or "dogma" or "universal cure-all" but rather an issue of best matching components.

I think the strawman argument approach of this post undermines its intent.

That, and we all have our tastes and budgets.  I certainly could not afford the system I have if I could not build it myself and also make trades because I am an OEM.  Single ended systems are much cheaper to build and can certainly provide very nice sound for a fair price.   I don't have to do that for the reasons mentioned.  I don't have to listen to single ended, nor SS or even indirectly heated tubes.  But most folks do and you can get very nice sound other ways.  You cannot get THIS sound, but again, we all like what we like and have our budgetary constraints.  I cannot fit some of the large horn speakers I love in my room, so I have to live with something smaller.  We have constraints of all sorts.....

Lynn Olson

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Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #16 on: Yesterday at 10:12 pm »
Let's step aside for a moment and look at amplifier topologies. The Dawn is a derivative of the Don Sachs DS2, which a version of the Aikido preamp, which in turn is an SRPP followed by a cathode-follower with a vacuum tube current source as a load. All four tube sections are the same type and run at the same current.

SRPP's are quasi-balanced, with the upper tube canceling some of the nonlinearities of the lower tube. I think of it as a series balance, unlike the parallel balance of the Raven and Blackbird amplifiers. The difference? In a series circuit, if you pull one tube, the whole thing goes dark, like old-fashioned Christmas-tree lights. In a parallel circuit, it still keeps working, just not as well.

The Dawn is not a classical single-ended circuit like a Marantz 7C or Audio Research SP6. It's an SRPP, a form of quasi-balanced circuit, with partial cancellation of tube distortion thanks to the inverse action of the upper tube. SRPP's have their own personality, with the biggest drawback being substantial changes in distortion spectra with load. The Dawn/DS2/Aikido sidestep this by having a tube buffer following the SRPP section. A clever feature of the tube buffer is using the same type of tube for the current pull-down, so all four tube sections are the same type, hopefully cancelling some (perhaps most) of the nonlinearities of the tube type.

Spectrally, each topology has its own character. Classical single-ended, with resistors as plate loads, has a lot of 2nd harmonic, and a fairly rapid drop above that, depending on selection of tube type. Fully balanced, as in the Raven and Blackbird, has an equally rapid drop-off of upper harmonics, with about 30 dB of cancellation of the even harmonics. SRPPs basically fall in-between, and some have a slower harmonic dropoff, depending on tube type. A series-balance circuit does not have the same spectral character as a parallel-balance circuit.

This larger point applies to power amps as well. Conventional PP tube amps all have vacuum tube phase splitters, and these phase splitters are not sonically neutral. I'd go out on a limb and say the choice of phase splitter actually dominates the sound of most PP amps. The Dynaco circuit uses a "concertina" or split-load inverter, while the Mullard (most common type today) uses a differential stage. The Raven and Blackbird have fully passive phase splitting via transformer coupling. Each type has its own sound, partly because the distortion of vacuum tube phase splitter is not internally cancelled via circuit balance.

I've been working on tube amps since the mid-Nineties, and Don has another decade on me, or even longer. We know the sound of each type. They are quite distinct from each other once you've built a few. The Dynaco has its own sound, and the Mullards have a house sound as well. The SRPP's have their own sound as well ... an unbuffered SRPP has a certain sound, and putting in a buffer changes it again.

DaveC113

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Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #17 on: Yesterday at 11:26 pm »
Balanced is a solution to a problem that doesn't exist in most home systems.  :thumb: :popcorn:

Lynn Olson

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Re: Break Free From The Dogma: Why Single-Ended Still Matters
« Reply #18 on: Yesterday at 11:49 pm »
There's internal circuit balance vs connection method. Professionals have used XLR balanced cabling since the 1930's because no amount of hum is tolerable in a professional context. The working environment in a studio is much more severe due to far longer cable runs and much higher interference levels from lighting, etc. Wiring at home is much shorter, but ground loops are all too common, even in high-end systems.

Aside from induced connection noise, the circuits themselves have sonics due to topology. Amplifying devices all have distinct distortion spectra, whether bipolar transistor, MOSFET, JFET, pentode, indirect-heated triode, or direct heated triode. They are all different and imprint a different distortion spectra on the music.

If high levels of feedback are the solution, opamps now provide nearly unmeasurable distortion levels thanks to 60~100 dB of feedback. If zero feedback is preferred, then the topology and tube type become important, because that's what you're going to hear.

A middle path are the "classic" single-ended preamps from the Fifties and Sixties, like the Marantz 7C and modern tube preamps that copy the architecture. These use high-gain tubes like the 12AX7, with two in cascade followed by a cathode follower buffer stage. This provides a very high voltage gain of about 200. Wrap 30 dB of feedback around the whole thing (to knock down the gain and linearize the circuit) and you have the classic vintage sound.

Zero feedback preamps and power amps were not used in the Fifties and Sixties. Modern tube electronics use this method, but it means that other approaches must be used to keep distortion within reasonable limits. SRPP is one way to get distortion down, while full balance is another. The distortion spectra of the two will not be the same, even if the same tubes and operating points are chosen. Don and I prefer full balance with passive transformer coupling due to the very simple and symmetric signal path, with no added components to linearize circuit operation.

The consumer sees RCA vs XLR cabling, but that has little effect on the sonics unless interference is very severe, or ground loops exist between components. What matters are the internal circuit and the measures that are used to control distortion.

DaveC113

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Let's step aside for a moment and look at amplifier topologies. The Dawn is a derivative of the Don Sachs DS2, which a version of the Aikido preamp, which in turn is an SRPP followed by a cathode-follower with a vacuum tube current source as a load. All four tube sections are the same type and run at the same current.

SRPP's are quasi-balanced, with the upper tube canceling some of the nonlinearities of the lower tube. I think of it as a series balance, unlike the parallel balance of the Raven and Blackbird amplifiers. The difference? In a series circuit, if you pull one tube, the whole thing goes dark, like old-fashioned Christmas-tree lights. In a parallel circuit, it still keeps working, just not as well.

The Dawn is not a classical single-ended circuit like a Marantz 7C or Audio Research SP6. It's an SRPP, a form of quasi-balanced circuit, with partial cancellation of tube distortion thanks to the inverse action of the upper tube. SRPP's have their own personality, with the biggest drawback being substantial changes in distortion spectra with load. The Dawn/DS2/Aikido sidestep this by having a tube buffer following the SRPP section. A clever feature of the tube buffer is using the same type of tube for the current pull-down, so all four tube sections are the same type, hopefully cancelling some (perhaps most) of the nonlinearities of the tube type.

Spectrally, each topology has its own character. Classical single-ended, with resistors as plate loads, has a lot of 2nd harmonic, and a fairly rapid drop above that, depending on selection of tube type. Fully balanced, as in the Raven and Blackbird, has an equally rapid drop-off of upper harmonics, with about 30 dB of cancellation of the even harmonics. SRPPs basically fall in-between, and some have a slower harmonic dropoff, depending on tube type. A series-balance circuit does not have the same spectral character as a parallel-balance circuit.

This larger point applies to power amps as well. Conventional PP tube amps all have vacuum tube phase splitters, and these phase splitters are not sonically neutral. I'd go out on a limb and say the choice of phase splitter actually dominates the sound of most PP amps. The Dynaco circuit uses a "concertina" or split-load inverter, while the Mullard (most common type today) uses a differential stage. The Raven and Blackbird have fully passive phase splitting via transformer coupling. Each type has its own sound, partly because the distortion of vacuum tube phase splitter is not internally cancelled via circuit balance.

I've been working on tube amps since the mid-Nineties, and Don has another decade on me, or even longer. We know the sound of each type. They are quite distinct from each other once you've built a few. The Dynaco has its own sound, and the Mullards have a house sound as well. The SRPP's have their own sound as well ... an unbuffered SRPP has a certain sound, and putting in a buffer changes it again.

Aikido is a White cathode follower with PS noise cancellation, it is NOT balanced whatsoever. Broskie described it as a "balanced totem pole" which isn't the same thing and quasi-balanced isn't what this refers to, it is actually when you load the - leg of a balanced out with a resistor, which is a good way to go XLR > SE w/o a trafo.  The White CF loads a triode with another triode, which if matched, will cancel out distortion as a sort of error correction but this relies on the triodes being matched. Since there is never an inverse signal generated, it is NOT balanced.