Maybe try Moode Audio just to see if it is specific to Volumio or something on the hardware side (card, unusual Pi issue?).
https://moodeaudio.org/I understand that you want to get Volumio working, but a similar alternative might help troubleshooting.
Also, are you able to login to your router to see if the Pi is acquiring an IP address on the network?
If so, you could try putting that IP address into your browser to see if Volumio is actually running.
(Maybe I'm getting it wrong and that is the screen, in your browser, where it's asking for your login?)