This is just a phono preamp connected to a pair of powered speakers?
Last question first: No, I don't think so.
I think you need a headphone amp, even something 'cheap & cheerful' like the Schiit Magni, and then plug the 'phones' into that. A simple A/B RCA switch would allow you to send the preamp output to either the powered speakers or the headphone amp.
Are there other components involved? You mentioned 'other sources'. If you have a full-function preamp or integrated, you could run a headphone amp from tape-out or EPL- out jacks.